Progressive accumulation of the undigested lipid peroxidation products will stress RPE, which can ultimately induce apoptosis, a well established process in aging and AMD.(25) Oxidatively modified substances can stimulate the expression of gp130, the signal transducing chain of IL-6 receptor family and the secretion of IL-6.(26) IL-6 induces proliferation of VSMC and the release of chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Here, CCL2 is linked to age-related macular degeneration.