SERPINE1 and HIV infectious disease: HIV infection can also result in hemostatic changes, with decreased concentrations of anticoagulant proteins, such as protein C and protein S [12, 13–16], and increased concentrations of coagulation and fibrinolytic markers, including D-dimer, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (PAI-1), and markers of endothelial activation, including von Willebrand factor (vWF) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) [12, 14, 16–19].