CXCL1 and infection: Consistent with the NF-κB results, GRA15 and GRA25, which encode two dense granule proteins known to modulate NF-κB activity and chemokine secretion (Ccl2 and Cxcl1), respectively, during infection with tachyzoites [62,78], were expressed in both forms albeit at somewhat higher levels in the infecting sporozoites.