PABPN1 and oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy: To the best of our knowledge, there is only one study showing the effect of wild-type PABPN1 overexpression in OPMD in vivo models: Rubinsztein and colleagues have shown that crossing a mouse overexpressing the wild-type bovine version of PABPN1 (that is, a repeat encoding including 10 alanine residues) with the A17 affected mouse ameliorates the dystrophic pathology, reducing muscle cell death due to apoptosis.