Although the inclusion of HUVEC and NHDF enabled p-HEAL humanized mice to support Pf infection in vivo, the current 60% Pf take-rate and the lack of gene expression of mid to late liver stage antigens such as MSP-1 or EBA-175 by Pf EEFs (data not shown) suggests that the hepatic microenvironment in p-HEALs requires further optimization to improve the reproducibility of Pf infection, as well as to augment parasite development post-infection. The gene discussed is ATAD1; the disease is infection.