These biomarkers include: two functions direct correlated with T1D (e.g. regulation of insulin secretion and regulation of gluconeogenesis [31]), and three functions relevant with T1D complications (e.g. positive regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway [33], positive regulation of response to cytokine stimulus [34, 35], establishment of T cell polarity [35–37]). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.