The studies had looked at the effect of cancer treatment on IGF levels, how IGF levels changed over time in prostate cancer patients, the association between IGF levels and precancerous lesions, the expression of IGF in prostate cancer tissue vs normal prostate and other tissue, haplotypes in IGF-I and prostate cancer risk, SNPs in the IGF pathway and cancer survival, loss of IGF-II imprinting and cancer risk, and methylation of IGF genes. Here, IGF1 is linked to prostate carcinoma.