Although in normal fibroblast cells, the ROS/PKCδ/PKD1 pathway downstream of oncogenic KRas upregulates pro-inflammatory signaling (expression of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8) and may contribute to senescence (47), under pathophysiological conditions, this pathway drives initiation of PDA. The gene discussed is PKD1; the disease is Patent ductus arteriosus.