BDNF and Alzheimer disease: In AD brains, the intracerebral level of NGF appears to be stable or even increased in cortex, whereas a significant reduction is detected in basal-forebrain cholinergic population (Mufson et al., 1995; Scott et al., 1995), in support of the conclusion that the early perturbation in NGF/TrkA signaling occurring within cholinergic vulnerable areas is more likely to be due to defective retrograde transport of this target-derived neurotrophin to its responsive neurons (Salehi et al., 2004; Counts and Mufson, 2005).