Regardless of the mode of action, it is noteworthy that CXCL14 is constitutively expressed up to very high levels in healthy mucosal tissues; therefore, local CXCL14 could adversely influence the course of HIV-1 infection by boosting the permissiveness in CD4+ target cells at sites that are critically involved in person-to-person HIV-1 transmission. Here, CD4 is linked to HIV-1 infection.