In AD brains, upstream modulators of cofilin phosphorylation, like small RhoA, Rac1 GTPase, PAK1, and ROCK1 and ROCK2, are downregulated in the disease state, ultimately augmenting cofilin activity (Garvalov et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2006). The gene discussed is ROCK2; the disease is Alzheimer disease.