PPARG and colitis: PPARγ, a ligand-dependent nuclear receptor that has vital roles in adipogenesis, glucose metabolism and immune modulation, is highly expressed in the colon.47, 48, 49 Intensive preclinical studies have highlighted that the activation of PPARγ conferred protection against colitis in mice.50, 51, 52 Madecassic acid was shown to activate AMPK in a PPARγ-dependent manner and induce the AMPK/ACC1-mediated shift of Th17 toward Treg cells by activating PPARγ.