Similar research on prodromal stages takes place with “at risk relatives” of Parkinson patients, who are either heterozygous for theLRRK2 gene or are homozygous for one of the autosomal-recessive genes for a mitochondrial dysfunction in PD (PAKR2,PINK1,DJ1; for a comprehensive review on Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance of PD, see59) or possess a mutation of the gene for glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA1) and thus are classified as PD-GBA165. Here, PINK1 is linked to Parkinson disease.