However, this study was conducted using well-characterised viral epitopes as surrogate antigens for which high affinity TCRs are available, thereby allowing studies into efficient killing of transduced CSC-like cells by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.34 Follow-up experiments therefore need to replicate these findings using relevant tumour-associated antigens, such as aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1), which was identified as a novel CSC-specific tumour antigen for cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck.35, 36. This evidence concerns the gene ALDH1A1 and neoplasm.