ESR1 and cholestasis: Elevations in circulating oestrogens are hepatotoxic due to a disruption of bile flow and/or alteration in bile constituents (cholestasis) through a potential combination of ERα-dependent suppression of transporter expression (Yamamoto et al., 2006), ERα-dependent stimulation of canalicular transporter endocytic internalization (Barosso et al., 2012) and/or other signalling pathways such as GPR30 (Zucchetti et al., 2014).