As shown in Fig. 4, CpG can significantly upregulate the mRNA levels of TGF-β1 (p = 0.0210; Fig. 4a) and PDGF-B (p = 0.0093; Fig. 4b) in the blood cells of healthy controls and SLE patients (TGF-β1: p = 0.0005; Fig. 4c) (PDGF-B: p = 0.0005; Fig. 4d). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.