Finally, several pro-apoptotic genes, including Bcl3, Bcl10, Malt1 and Dedd2, were up-regulated in response to muriform cells infection whereas Bcl2l12, coding to anti-apoptotic factor, was down-regulated (S4F Fig), suggesting that infection of macrophages with muriform cells could induce apoptosis. Here, MALT1 is linked to infection.