FFAs stimulate the intracellular translocation of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) to the lysosome in hepatocytes, and consequently release cathepsin B, which inhibits insulin signaling by activating nuclear factor kappa B (NF)-κB to enhance tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α secretion, leading to NAFLD [38]. Here, TNF is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.