In the Ins2Akita model for diabetic retinopathy (Table 1), retinal EPAC-1 levels were reduced (~5.7-fold, p < 0.01) compared to non-diabetic control mice (Fig. 5a), whereas gene expression levels of EPAC-2 remained unchanged (Fig. 5b). This evidence concerns the gene RAPGEF3 and diabetic retinopathy.