CS and peripheral arterial disease: In support of these respirometric data, spectrophotometric assays of mitochondrial enzyme activities normalized to citrate synthase activity demonstrated lower NADH dehydrogenase (complex I), ubiquinol cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex III) and cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex IV) activities in muscle of PAD patients, where complex I and III enzyme activities correlated with complex-I-supported respiration and complex-III-supported respiration, respectively (Pipinos et al., 2006).