VDR and osteoporosis: Although not currently included among criteria for intervention to prevent bone fragility fractures, current smoking, intake of a large amount of alcohol, mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes that encode the vitamin D receptor (VDR), estrogen receptor (ER), or low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), and low body weight/low body mass index (BMI) are considered risks for osteoporosis or development of bone fragility fractures8–11.