TNF and neoplasm: One such mechanism involves HIF-1α; inflammatory cytokines (TNF and IL-1β) often induce HIF-1α in tumor microenvironment which along with PGE2 and RONS downregulate the MMR proteins MSH2 and MSH6 by displacing c-Myc (cellular myelocytomatosis oncogene) from MSH2/MSH6 promoters [124].