TRAF1 and astrocytic tumor: Several studies have confirmed significantly higher levels of antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, TRAF1 (TNF receptor-associated factor 1), and survivin in human astrocytic tumors compared with normal brain tissues, which are mostly attributed to an abnormal transcriptional activity of NF-κB through a TNF/TNF-receptor/TRAF2 activation [114].