CD274 and neoplasm: Analysis of the cellular components in the TME showed that VV treatment alone recruited effector T cells (especially CD8+ T cells), and α-PD-L1 treatment alone lowered the PD-L1+ cells in the TME, while the combination lowered the PD-L1+ cells and elevated tumour-infiltrating effector T cells in the TME, leading to a significant anti-tumour response.