It consists of active immunotherapy such as cancer vaccines5, passive immunotherapy such as adoptive cell transfer, including ex vivo expanded tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte and CAR-T cells6, 7, and strategies to modulate the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) such as using antibodies that bind to and modulate the function of immune checkpoints (such as CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1) (refs 8, 9). Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.