TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: AGE alter the immune response in T2D with up‐regulation of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, e.g., Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α (TNF‐α) (Ramasamy, Yan, & Schmidt, 2012), which in turn is believed to influence the progression of PD (Lalla & Papapanou, 2011).