Atypical number and/or length and/or morphology of dendritic spines were mechanistically linked to disinhibited mTORC1 signaling in different mouse models of ASD-related syndromes, including TSC [75,76,86], PTEN-ASD [100], FXS [160,166] and AS [44,45], as well as in NS-ASD models, such as Cyfip1 transgenic mice [52], eIF4E-NS-ASD mice [49,50] and idiopathic ASD patients [51]. Here, CYFIP1 is linked to fragile X syndrome.