When the heart is exposed to external stimuli, calcineurin can cause NFAT-3 dephosphorylation, which allows NFAT-3 to enter the nucleus, while p-GATA4 binding activates cardiomyocyte marker genes, such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC), resulting in cardiac hypertrophy [18,19,20,21]. Here, NPPB is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.