Circulating levels of a host of other cytokines and chemokines are increased in CKD patients, including, but not limited to IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-12, CCL2, CCL5, CXCL12, CX3CL1 and CXCL16 [36,98,99]. Here, CXCL12 is linked to chronic kidney disease.