This was observed for patients with renal failure (defined as a cystatin C-based glomerular filtration rate below 50 mL/min, Fig. 2a), liver failure (defined as prothrombin time <50%, Fig. 2b), or heart failure (defined as a NTproBNP >1000 pg/ml; Fig. 2c). Here, CST3 is linked to acute kidney injury.