RAF1 and heart failure: Importantly, analysis of some of the predicated targets of miRNA-7 like Phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ), regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS), RAF1, phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) which are well studied in heart failure [24–26] are all upregulated in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure [36–38] consistent with downregulation of miRNA 7.