TGFB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: TGF-β expression has been demonstrated in the kidneys of individuals with glomerular disease such as diabetic nephropathy [10, 11], focal segmental glomerulosclerosis secondary to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [12], and other glomerulonephritides such as IgA nephropathy, and lupus [13].