Comparison of DNA methylation profiles in familial (n = 29) and sporadic (n = 20) VHL+/+ ccRCC showed more frequently methylated RASSF1, PITX2, CDH13, HS3ST2, TWIST1, TAL1, TUSC3, and DCC loci in sporadic cases, indicating differences in tumorigenesis mechanisms dependent on VHL status (31). Here, VHL is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.