NOD2 and infection: Due to this process, N. caninum and T. gondii are known to activate different PRRs during the infection, as toll-like receptor 2 (24), TLR3 (25), TLR4 (26), TLR11 (27), TLR12 (28, 29), as well as by cytosolic sensors as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (30, 31), NOD-like receptor (NLR), NLR family pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1), and 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes (32–34).