We demonstrated previously that insulin prevents hypertension andattenuates kidney injury by suppressing renal Agt gene transcriptionvia hnRNP F/K upregulation in Akita mice (23).The current study provides in vivo and in vitroevidence that insulin modulates Agt expression more proximally; itcurtails renal Nrf2 gene transcription and prevents Nrf2 stimulation ofAgt expression by increasing hnRNP F/K expression, which may becritical for its antihypertensive and renoprotective actions in diabetes. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.