PAPPA and gestational diabetes: Adjusting the model for fetal sex did not alter the significance of the association between GDM and PAPP-A concentrations [OR 0.617 (0.448, 0.850), P = 3.1 × 10−3, pseudo r2 = 1.8%, n = 775], although the relationship was stronger in male [OR 0.575 (0.381, 0.867), P = 8.2 × 10−3, pseudo r2 = 2.8%, n = 407] than female [OR 0.670 (0.399, 1.123), P = 0.1, pseudo r2 = 1.8%, n = 368] fetus pregnancies.