More than 500 miRNAs have been identified in humans, with few of them being involved in regulating smooth muscle cell phenotype, and modulating inflammatory response in endothelial cells and macrophages in the process of arterial remodeling and atherosclerosis.[59] The present study shows a role of miR-181b in regulating TGF-β signaling, in the smooth muscle cells, which modulates vascular stiffness. Here, TGFB1 is linked to atherosclerosis.