EDN1 and chronic kidney disease: 2012). In our experimental model, clinically relevant levels of peripheral VC are associated with a local increase in plasma ET‐1. Plasma ET‐1 increases in patients with symptomatic HF and CKD. In HF patients, plasma levels rise to 2.1 ± 1.0, 2.6 ± 0.9, and 3.4 ± 0.8 pg/mL with increasing NYHA symptom class (I–III, respectively) (Kinugawa et al. 2003), while in patients with proteinuric CKD, the plasma levels of ET‐1 increase to reported levels of 3.6 ± 0.5 pg/mL (Dhaun et al. 2013).