MAP1LC3A and infection: To explore the exact role of RavZ in LAP avoidance of LpCVs, we examined ubiquitin and LC3 recruitment to LpCVs containing a RavZ detetion strain in THP-1 cells at three hours post infection, In this condition we observed LC3 recruitment to LdCVs but rarely to LpCVs (Fig. 9A,B) like LpCVs containing the wild-type strain (Fig. 3B).