TNF and tuberculosis: It has been reported that tuberculosis-associated IRIS (TB-IRIS) is associated with interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-7, IL-12p40, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); an elevation in IL-12 can increase the incidence of cytomegalovirus-associated IRIS (CMV-IRIS), whereas IFN-γ, IL-12p40, IL-6, IL-4, IL-17, and TNF-α are relevant to Cryptococcus neoformans-associated IRIS (C. neoformans-IRIS) [11–13].