Returning to the cystatin family of inhibitors, a recombinant cystatin from S. japonicum (rSjcystatin)-induced Foxp3+ Treg cells and improved disease activity scores in TNBS-induced colitis (179), while a more distant homolog (CsStefin-1) from the liver fluke Clonorchis sinenis was shown to increase IL-10-positive macrophages in the DSS-induced colitis model (80). This evidence concerns the gene CST4 and colitis.