H6PD and cholangiocarcinoma: To verify that the CC cell apoptosis induced by CQ was related to the decrease of glucose metabolism-related antioxidant capacity, we examined the influence of CQ and 3-MA on the PPP and found that G6PDH activity, the NADPH/NADP ratio, and GSH/GSSG ratio in QBC939 cells were significantly reduced after CQ treatment (Fig 7A–7C).