Measuring the cellular GSH levels will provide additional information regarding oxidative stress in these cells, as oxidative stress is often associated with a reduction in the total cellular GSH levels.51 In the current study, utilizing different approaches to modulate CST1 expression, we found that increased GR activity due to CST1 overexpression led to an inhibition of AF-induced autophagic cell death through ROS scavenging, whereas decreased GR activity due to shCST1 knockdown accentuated AF-induced autophagic cell death through increased ROS production. Here, CST1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.