To demonstrate that the loss/gain of CST1 function influences AF-mediated autophagic cell death, we induced small hairpin RNA-mediated CST1 (shCST1) knockdown in the high-CST1 lines HT-29 and SW480, and we transiently overexpressed CST1 with the pcDNA3.1-CST1 vector in the low-CST1 lines LoVo and RKO. Here, CST1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.