HLA-A and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Consistent with a previous report19, we observed no difference in the frequency of CD8+ T cells that stained positive with multimers loaded with the HLA-A*0201 restricted peptide epitope IGRP265-273 between healthy controls (median frequency, 0.02% of CD8+ T cells) and children with recent onset of type 1 diabetes (0.01%; P = 0.11) or long-standing type 1 diabetes (0.01%; P = 0.06; Fig. 1a; Supplementary Table S2).