For instance, in models of acute neurodegeneration including cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain or spinal cord injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and seizures, pharmacologically or genetically induced ATP hydrolysis and/or P2R (above all P2X7) inhibition was shown to inhibit microglial activation, neutrophil inflammation, and cytokine expression20, 21, 29, 30, 31. This evidence concerns the gene P2RX7 and brain ischemia.