Figure 4f,g show a quantification of these two phenotypes. Biochemically, these events were measured via the decreased expression of the proliferation marker Cyclin D1 (Fig. 4h), which is consistent with the decreased PCNA levels detected in p140-NeuT tumours in vivo. Moreover, p140Cap expression resulted in a substantial increase in the levels of activated Caspase3 in 3D cultures (Fig. 4h). Overall, in 3D conditions, p140Cap restores the dynamic equilibrium between cell proliferation and cell death which is typical of normal mammary epithelial cells during tissue morphogenesis35. This evidence concerns the gene PCNA and neoplasm.