CCL2 and cytomegalovirus infection: In particular, Hamiltonet al. highlighted how CMV infection modulates the placental immune environment, suggesting CMV-induced upregulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression as a potential initiator or exacerbator (or both) of placental and foetal injury48.