A number of genetic mutations are reported to cause impaired EC–MC interaction and are linked to human diseases, such as ALK1 or ENG in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) (Johnson et al., 1996; McAllister et al., 1994), BMPR2 and ALK1 in pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) (Lane et al., 2000; Trembath et al., 2001), NOTCH3 in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts, and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) (Joutel et al., 1996). This evidence concerns the gene ACVRL1 and Leukoencephalopathy.