NOD2 and inflammatory bowel disease: In IBD patients, there are three genes related to the autophagosome process that are affected: irgm, nod2, and atg16l1, each associated with different grades of susceptibility to suffer IBD, which implies a defect in antigen uptake and its processing, the interaction between dendritic cells and intestinal epithelial cell (45), and the regulation of PRRs and inflammasome activation.