Our finding is higher than those measured in non-smoking postmenopausal women11 and a mother-child cohort in Europe.13 However, this concentration is slightly lower than that reported previously in the biomonitoring literature for HbAA levels in an ovarian cancer cohort.12 The discrepancy in HbAA and HbGA concentrations between those studies and ours might result from several reasons such as ethnic background, method of measurement, composition of study cohort, definition of smoking and probably life (food) styles, as well as geographic characteristics. This evidence concerns the gene HBG1 and ovarian cancer.