As IGF-1, an anabolic factor for skeletal growth [36], is reduced in T1DM patients with poor glycemic control [29–31], we examined whether supplementing osteogenic cultures of diabetic BMSCs and PDCs with potent osteogenic factor rhBMP-2/7 heterodimer [28] and/or rhIGF-1 may rescue their osteogenesis. Here, IGF1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.