MIF and viral infectious disease: Among these, the upregulation of some genes controlled by the NF-κB complex such as CCL5 (RANTES), H2-Q1 (HLA-B), the protein phosphatase DUSP5 involved in negative regulation of MAP kinases, the transcription factor FOSB, or SERPINE1 and also the downregulation of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), CXCL1, ABCG1, SOD3, and negative regulator of NF-κB TRIB3 could represent the initial response to virus infection in the absence of viral genome replication.